Common fungal infections plaguing sesame crops

“I lost everything growing sesame. My yield was pitiful, barely covering costs. Sesame farming isn’t for me—it’s not profitable. Diseases and fungi have cursed my fields, destroying my crops.” These are the anguished cries of inexperienced farmers, unaware of the science and skill needed to master sesame cultivation. Like all agriculture, sesame farming isn’t a game of chance or a quick scheme—it’s a craft rooted in understanding plant needs and combating their diseases.

In today’s blog post, we explore  and share practical solutions to help farmers safeguard their yields, protect their profits, and avoid devastating losses.

Common Fungal Diseases in Sesame

Alternaria Leaf Spot

Alternaria Leaf Spot

A Small, dark brown to black spots with concentric rings on leaves, often leading to premature leaf drop. Severe infections can affect stems and pods, reducing seed quality.

Impact: Reduced photosynthesis, lower seed yield, and poor oil content.

Cercospora Leaf Spot

Irregular grayish-white spots with dark borders on leaves, which may coalesce, causing large dead areas. Infected leaves may yellow and drop prematurely.

Impact: Decreased leaf area, reduced seed weight, and lower yield.

Powdery Mildew

Symptoms: White to grayish powdery patches on leaves and stems, which may turn yellow or brown over time. Severe cases lead to distorted leaves and stunted growth.

Impact: Reduced photosynthesis and poor seed development.

Fusarium Wilt

Wilting, yellowing, and drooping of leaves, often starting from the lower part of the plant. Vascular tissues may show brown discoloration, and plants may die prematurely.

Impact: Complete plant loss in severe cases, leading to significant yield reduction.

Solutions for Managing Fungal Diseases in Sesame

Effective management of fungal diseases in sesame requires an integrated approach combining cultural, biological, and chemical strategies. Below are practical solutions to prevent and control these diseases:

Cultural Practices
  • Crop Rotation: Rotate sesame with non-host crops like cereals or legumes for 2–3 years to break the disease cycle and reduce soil-borne pathogens like Fusarium
  • Field Sanitation: Remove and destroy crop residues after harvest to eliminate fungal spores. Avoid planting sesame in fields with a history of fungal diseases.
  • Proper Spacing: Use adequate plant spacing to improve air circulation, reducing humidity around plants and minimizing conditions favorable for diseases like powdery mildew.
  • Timely Planting: Plant sesame early in the season to avoid peak disease periods, especially for diseases like charcoal rot, which thrive under high temperatures and drought.
  • Water Management: Avoid waterlogging and ensure proper drainage, as excessive moisture promotes diseases like Fusarium wilt and charcoal rot.
Chemical Control

Chemical control is a very effective way to control fungi in sesame farm which can be done by either effective seed treatment of the use of fungicide

Fungicides: Apply fungicides like Azoxystrobin, Difenoconazole, carbendazim, mancozeb, or copper-based fungicides for foliar diseases such as Alternaria and Cercospora leaf spots. For powdery mildew, sulfur-based fungicides or triazoles may be effective. Always follow local regulations and recommended application rates.

Seed Treatment: Treat seeds with fungicides like thiram or captan before planting to protect against soil-borne pathogens like Fusarium and Macrophomina.

Timing: Apply fungicides at the first sign of disease or as a preventive measure during high-risk periods (e.g., high humidity or warm temperatures).

For Farmer in Nigeria and many African country can use the following Fungicide for fungi treatment in sesame field.

 5Star by Rainbow

Active ingredient: Azoxystrobin 200g/l + Difenoconazole125g/l

Application rate: 500ml/ha (30-40ml per 20lt Knapsack)

Blue Snow by SARO

Active ingredient: Azoxystrobin 200g/l + Difenoconazole125g/l

Application rate: 500ml/ha (30-40ml per 20lt Knapsack)

 

Monitoring and Early Detection
  • Regularly scout fields for early signs of fungal diseases, especially during flowering and pod formation stages when sesame is most vulnerable.
  • Use diagnostic tools or consult local agricultural extension services to confirm the presence of specific pathogens and tailor control measures accordingly

Conclusion

Fungal diseases pose a significant challenge to sesame production, but with proactive management, their impact can be minimized. By adopting resistant varieties, practicing good field hygiene, and using targeted chemical control, farmers can protect their sesame crops and ensure healthy yields. Regular monitoring and adapting to local conditions are key to staying ahead of these diseases.

Happy farming, and may your sesame fields thrive!

Safeguard Sesame Seed with Seed Treatment Tech

Sesame farming is a valuable venture, with global demand for sesame seeds steadily rising due to their culinary and industrial uses.

However, achieving a high-yield, healthy crop starts long before harvest—it begins with the seeds. Protecting your sesame investment with the right seed treatment technology can make all the difference in ensuring robust germination, healthy plant growth, and resistance to pests and diseases.

In this blog post, we’ll explore why seed treatment is critical for sesame crops and how to choose the right technology to maximize your yield.

Why Seed Treatment Matters for Sesame Crops

Sesame seeds are small but mighty, packed with nutrients and potential. However, they are also vulnerable to a range of threats, including soil-borne pathogens, pests, and environmental stressors. Untreated seeds may face:

  • Fungal Diseases: Pathogens like Fusarium and Alternaria can attack seeds early, reducing germination rates and stunting plant growth.
  • Insect Pests: Seedlings are prime targets for pests like aphids and cutworms, which can devastate young plants.
  • Nutrient Deficiencies: Poor soil conditions can limit nutrient uptake, weakening plants from the start.
  • Environmental Stress: Drought, heat, or excessive moisture can hinder germination and early development.
  • Ant activities: Untreated sesame seed can easily be carry by ant to an undesired location or their nest

Seed treatment technologies act as a first line of defence, protecting seeds from these challenges and giving them a strong start.

By investing in the right treatment, you can improve crop establishment, boost resilience, and ultimately increase your yield and profitability.

Types of Seed Treatment Technologies

Modern seed treatment technologies are designed to address specific challenges faced by sesame crops. Here are the main types to consider:

Chemical Seed Treatments

Chemical treatments, such as fungicides and insecticides, are applied to seeds to protect against diseases and pests. For sesame, fungicides like Metalaxyl or Thiram can prevent damping-off caused by fungi, while insecticides like imidacloprid deter early-season pests. These treatments are highly effective but require careful application to avoid environmental impact or resistance buildup.

Choosing the Right Seed Treatment for Your Sesame Crop

Selecting the best seed treatment technology depends on several factors, including your region, soil conditions, pest pressures, and farming goals.

Here are some tips to guide your decision:

  • Assess Local Threats: Work with local agricultural experts to identify the primary pests and diseases in your area. For example, if Fusarium wilt is prevalent, prioritize fungicide-based treatments.
  • Align with Market Demands: If you’re growing sesame for organic markets, opt for biological treatments to meet certification standards.
  • Evaluate Cost vs. Benefit: High-quality seed treatments may have an upfront cost, but they often pay off through higher yields and reduced crop losses.
  • Follow Application Guidelines: Proper application is critical to ensure effectiveness. Over- or under-treating seeds can reduce benefits or harm the environment.

Benefits of Investing in Seed Treatment

By treating your sesame seeds with the right technology, you can expect:

  • Higher Germination Rates: Treated seeds are more likely to germinate successfully, leading to a denser, more uniform crop stand.
  • Improved Plant Health: Protection against pests and diseases reduces early-season losses and supports vigorous growth.
  • Increased Yield: Healthier plants produce more pods, translating to higher sesame seed output.
  • Sustainability: Biological and nutrient-based treatments reduce reliance on chemical inputs, supporting eco-friendly farming practices.
  • Cost Savings: Preventing crop losses early on reduces the need for costly interventions later in the season.
  • Keep seed on field: Most sesame grower in African (Nigeria) depend on rainfall and choose broadcast method of planting due to insufficient access to mechanization. By treating your seed right, it keep the seed in the field even when there is short time drought

Best Practices for Applying Seed Treatments

To maximize the effectiveness of seed treatments, follow these best practices:

  1. Use High-Quality Seeds: Start with certified, high-quality sesame seeds to ensure the best foundation for treatment ( Ex-Sudan or Jigida).
  2. Apply Treatments Evenly: Use professional seed treatment equipment or work with a certified applicator to ensure consistent coverage.
  3. Store Treated Seeds Properly: Keep treated seeds in cool, dry conditions to maintain their viability and treatment efficacy.
  4. Follow Safety Guidelines: Wear protective gear when handling chemical treatments and dispose of any waste responsibly.
  5. Monitor Crop Performance: Track germination rates and early plant health to evaluate the success of your treatment strategy.

Conclusion

Protecting your sesame investment starts with giving your seeds the best possible start. By choosing the right seed treatment technology—whether chemical, biological, or nutrient-based—you can safeguard your crop against pests, diseases, and environmental challenges. This proactive approach not only boosts your yield but also ensures a more sustainable and profitable harvest. Take the time to assess your farm’s needs, consult with experts, and invest in high-quality seed treatments to secure the future of your sesame crop.

Ready to take your sesame farming to the next level? Contact Us

Germination Failure: A Threat to Sesame Profits

Sesame is a valuable crop grown for its oil-rich seeds, but farmers often face challenges with poor germination, which can significantly impact yield. Several factors contribute to this issue, including insect activity, insufficient moisture, poor seed quality from storage, and other environmental or management-related factors. Below, we explore these causes in detail and provide insights into mitigating them.

 

  1. Insect Activity (Ants and Other Pests)

Insects, particularly ants, can severely affect sesame seed germination. Ants are known to feed on or carry away sesame seeds before they can germinate, especially in dry or sandy soils where seeds are more exposed. Broadcast sesame are severely affected as more than 30% are lost due to ant activities especially in the absence of rain after planting. Other pests, such as beetles or soil-dwelling larvae, may also damage seeds by feeding on their nutrient-rich embryos, preventing successful sprouting.

  • Impact: Ants can remove seeds from planting sites, while other insects may damage the seed coat or consume critical seed tissues, reducing germination rates.
  • Solutions: Use insect-repellent seed treatments (ensure your seed are well treated), such as neem-based coatings, or apply organic pest control methods like diatomaceous earth around planting areas. Monitoring and reducing pest populations before planting can also help.

  1. Insufficient Moisture

Sesame seeds require adequate moisture to initiate germination, as water activates enzymes that break down stored nutrients in the seed. Insufficient soil moisture, often due to irregular rainfall or poor irrigation practices, can halt this process, leaving seeds dormant or causing uneven germination.

  • Impact: Dry soil conditions can delay or prevent seed swelling and root development, leading to low germination rates or weak seedlings.
  • Solutions: Ensure you plant sesame seed when their sufficient moisture and also high probability of rainfall within 1-2 day for even germination.

  1. Poor Seed Quality from Storage

The quality of sesame seeds used for planting is a critical factor in germination success. Seeds stored improperly—exposed to high humidity, extreme temperatures, or pests—can lose viability over time. Fungal infections or mold during storage can also damage seeds, reducing their ability to germinate.

  • Impact: Seeds with compromised embryos or fungal contamination often fail to germinate or produce weak seedlings that cannot survive early growth stages.
  • Solutions: Store sesame seeds in cool, dry, and pest-free conditions, buy sesame seed from a known agro-deale, always buy a well-treated of good variety ( you get Ex-sudan and Jigida variety).  Use seeds within their viability period (typically 1–2 years) and conduct germination tests before planting to ensure quality.

  1. Other Factors Contributing to Poor Germination

Several additional factors can lead to poor germination on sesame farms:

  • Soil Conditions: Compacted or nutrient-poor soils can hinder root development and seedling emergence. Sesame prefers well-drained, loamy soils with a pH of 5.5–8.0.
  • Planting Depth: Sesame seeds are small and require shallow planting (1–2 cm). Planting too deep can prevent seedlings from reaching the surface, while planting too shallow may expose seeds to drying out or pest damage.
  • Weed Competition: Weeds can compete with sesame seedlings for water, nutrients, and light, reducing germination success and early growth.

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Conclusion

Poor germination in sesame farming is a multifaceted issue that can stem from insect activity, insufficient moisture, poor seed quality, and other environmental or management factors. By addressing these challenges through proper pest control, timing, seed storage, and soil management, farmers can improve germination rates and establish a strong foundation for a successful sesame crop. Regular monitoring, timely interventions, and adherence to best agricultural practices are key to overcoming these obstacles and maximizing yields

The Balance Between Input Cost, Labour Cost/Availability, and Yield in Sesame Farming

https://sesaco.com/supply-chain-1

Sesame farming offers significant potential for profitability, but success depends on carefully balancing input costs, labour availability, and expected yields. Factors such as farm size, distance to the farm (transport costs), and other parameters play a critical role in determining whether a sesame farming project is viable. Below, we analyze these elements to guide farmers in making informed decisions before embarking on a sesame farming venture.

1. Labour Costs and Availability

Labour is a significant expense in sesame farming, particularly for traditional varieties that require manual harvesting. However, modern varieties like Smarter Sesame, designed for mechanical harvesting, can reduce labour demands.

  • Labour Requirements: Sesame farming involves land preparation, planting, weeding, pest/disease management, and harvesting. Weeding and harvesting are the most labour-intensive tasks, especially in the first 4–6 weeks when sesame seedlings are vulnerable to weed competition. Manual harvesting can require 20–30 labour days per hectare, depending on farm size and plant density.

  • Labour Costs: Labour costs vary by region. For example, in Sub-Saharan Africa, daily farm labour wages range from $2–$5 USD (N3,000 to N5,000), while in the U.S., costs can exceed $15/hour. For a 10-hectare farm, manual harvesting could cost N1,000,000–2,000,000 ($1,000 to 2,000) in low-wage regions or significantly more in high-wage areas.

  • Labour Availability: In rural  and urban areas, labour shortages during peak seasons (e.g., planting or harvesting) can delay operations, reducing yields due to scattering. it is very important for sesame farmer to conduct visibility study to ensure there is abundant labour before embarking on large sesame  farming

  • Mitigation Strategies: Assess local labour availability before starting. In areas with scarce labour, prioritize mechanized varieties or hire equipment. For small farms (<5 ha), manual labour may be cost-effective if local wages are low.

2. Input Costs

Input costs include seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation (if applicable). These must be optimized to ensure profitability relative to expected yields.

  • Seeds: High-quality sesame seeds cost (N4.500 to N5,000) $3–$10/kg, depending on the variety (Ex-sudan and Jigida). Treated seeds from companies like Equinom or  From SMAHH integrated Farm offer better pest/disease resistance, reducing long-term costs.

  • Fertilizers: Sesame requires moderate fertility. Nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers cost N80,000–N120,000/ha ($50 – $150), depending on soil test results and application rates. Over-fertilization can lower yields are reduce maximum return, so precise application is key.

  • Pesticides/Herbicides: Pre-emergence and Post-emergence herbicides and insecticides for pests like cutworms will add to cost. Integrated pest management reduces costs by targeting applications based on scouting.

3. Distance to Farm and Transport Costs

The distance between the farm and the farmer’s base or markets affects costs and logistics.

  • Transport Costs: Fuel, vehicle maintenance, and hired transport for inputs, workers, or harvested sesame can be significant. For a farm 50 km from a supply hub, transporting inputs and produce may cost significant amount per trip, for multiple trips over a season. Larger farms require more frequent trips, increasing costs.

  • Impact on Operations: Remote farms may face delays in input delivery or labour transport, affecting planting or harvesting timing. Poor road infrastructure can further inflate costs.

  • Mitigation: Choose farm locations closer to input suppliers or markets when possible. For remote farms, bulk-buy inputs to reduce trips and negotiate contracts with local transport providers.

4. Farm Size and Expected Yield

Farm size and expected yield are pivotal in determining profitability and balancing costs.

  • Farm Size: Small farms (1–5 ha) have lower input and labour costs but may not benefit from economies of scale (very important). Large farms (>10 ha) spread fixed costs (e.g., equipment) over more hectares but require greater investment and management.

  • Expected Yield: Sesame yields vary by variety and conditions— (900 kg/ha) for dryland and (1,700 kg/ha) for irrigated systems. At a market price of (N1,500 – N1,800) $0.50–$1.00/kg, a 10-hectare farm could generate $4,500–$17,000 (1,350,500 – N14,000,000) in revenue. High-yielding varieties like Ex-sudan  Sesame maximize returns.

5. Other Parameters to Consider

  • Market Access: Proximity to buyers or processors (e.g., Kano Market or  partnered grain handlers) reduces transport costs and ensures reliable sales. Confirm market demand and prices before planting.

  • Weather Risks: Unpredictable rainfall or drought can lower yields. Use weather forecasts to time planting and consider drought-tolerant varieties.

  • Equipment Costs: Mechanized farming requires upfront investment  or choose a planting system that is less costly (No till and broadcasting of seed). This will cost less as low labour is required and no need to plough.

  • Agronomic Support: Partnering with companies or expert in sesame farming to provides to, reducing risks through tailored advice on planting, pest control, and harvesting.

Conclusion

Balancing input costs, labour availability, and yields in sesame farming requires careful planning. Labour costs and availability dictate whether manual or mechanized methods are viable, while input costs must align with expected yields to ensure profitability. Farm size and distance to the farm influence transport and operational efficiency, impacting overall costs. By selecting high-yielding varieties like Ex- Sudan or other Sesame, optimizing inputs, and assessing local labour and market conditions, farmers can maximize returns. Before starting a sesame project, conduct a cost-benefit analysis considering farm size, yield potential, and logistics to ensure a sustainable and profitable venture.

For tailored support, contact Smahh Integrated Farm or visit +2348169730504 for Ex-sudan and Jigida variety Sesame varieties and agronomic guidance.

Why Germination and Optimal Population Drive Success in Sesame Farming

Sesame farming is a rewarding venture when done right, but success hinges on key practices that ensure strong germination and optimal plant population. These factors lay the foundation for healthy crops and high yields. Below, we explore the critical elements that drive success in sesame farming.

1. Timing Planting with Rainfall Forecasts

Sesame seeds require consistent moisture for germination, especially in broadcast planting systems. Planting when there’s a high probability of rainfall ensures seeds have the water needed to sprout and establish roots. For rain-fed farms, monitor weather patterns and aim to sow just before or during early rains. This reduces the risk of seed desiccation and promotes uniform germination, setting the stage for a robust plant population.

2. Choosing the Right Seed Variety

A good seed variety  (Ex-sudan for Nigeria) is the backbone of successful sesame production. Opt for high-yielding, locally adapted varieties that are resistant to common pests and diseases. Treating seeds with appropriate fungicides or insecticides before planting provides an extra layer of protection against early-stage insect damage and diseases. Equally important is using the right amount of seed for your farm size—typically 6–10 kg per hectare for broadcasting or 4–6 kg for row planting. Over-seeding can lead to competition, while under-seeding reduces yield potential.

3. Planting at the Right Depth

Planting depth significantly affects germination rates. Sesame seeds are small and should be sown shallowly, ideally 1–2 cm deep, in well-prepared soil. Planting too deep can delay or prevent emergence, as the tiny seeds lack the energy to push through heavy soil layers. Ensure uniform depth across the field to achieve even germination and a balanced plant population.

4. Thorough Land Preparation

Good land preparation creates an ideal seedbed for germination. Clear the field of weeds, till the previous day to break up soil clumps, and incorporate organic matter to improve soil structure and fertility. A fine, firm seedbed ensures good seed-to-soil contact, which is critical for moisture retention and root development. Proper drainage also minimizes waterlogging, which can harm sesame seedlings in heavy soils.

5. Optimal Spacing

 For row planting, maintain 30–45 cm between rows and 10–15 cm between plants to avoid overcrowding and ensure adequate light and nutrients.

sesame plant

Conclusion

Germination and optimal plant population are the cornerstones of successful sesame farming. By timing planting with rainfall, selecting quality seeds, planting at the right depth, preparing land thoroughly, and addressing additional factors like weed control and soil fertility, farmers can maximize yields and profitability. Attention to these details ensures a thriving sesame crop, ready to meet market demands.

Sesame Crop Farming Guide

Sesame farming is a rewarding agricultural practice that requires careful planning and adherence to best practices to ensure a successful harvest. This guide provides a comprehensive overview of the essential steps involved in cultivating sesame crops, from land preparation to harvesting. Designed for farmers and agricultural enthusiasts, it covers critical aspects such as soil requirements, seed sowing, fertilizer management, weed control, pest and disease management, and harvesting techniques.

Land Preparation and Soil Requirement

 

  • Harrow the soil to a fine tilth for effective performance of the crop.
  • Pre-planting herbicide, Glyphosate at the rate of 4 L/ha should be sprayed two weeks to planting.
  • Sesame is adaptable to many types of soil but it does best on well-drained sandy loam soil.
  • The crop is usually produced on upland plains while depressions and valleys are generally unsuitable.
  • Once established, it can tolerate short periods of drought.
  • Good drainage is crucial, as sesame is very susceptible to short periods of waterlogging.
  • Sesame is intolerant of very acidic or saline soils.
  • The optimum pH for growth ranges from 5.4 to 6.7.

Seed Rate and Time of Sowing

  • Recommended seed rate is 8 kg/ha for broadcasting and 4 kg/ha for drilling methods.
  • Sesame seed should be treated with any of these seed treatments (mefenoxam or cymoxanil or seed care or disease force or combination).
  • Recommended practice for a sole crop of sesame is to plant on a flat bed with 60 cm between rows and 10 cm within rows.
  • Planting on ridges with 75 cm between rows and 15 cm within rows can be adopted when sesame is intercropped with another crop.
  • Due to the small size of sesame seeds, sowing depth should not be more than 2.5 cm.
  • Planting sesame is the most critical phase of its management.
  • Successful establishment of sesame requires careful seedbed preparation and close attention to soil moisture.
  • The crop can be grown twice as an early or late crop, or once a year depending on the ecological zone.
  • In the Sudan savanna zones, broadcasting should be done within the end of June and early July while in the Guinea Savanna zones, it is done within late July to early August.
  • Soil moisture must be sufficient to guarantee good germination.
  • The critical stage of water requirement is during the flowering stage.
  • Thinning should be done when the plants attain a height of 10–15 cm to remove the weak and diseased plants.

Fertilizer Management with 4R Nutrient Stewardship

  • Sesame requires: 60–70 kg Nitrogen/ha, 20–30 kg Phosphorus, 20–30 kg Potassium/ha.
  • Apply 2 bags of 50 kg (100 kg) Indorama NPK fertilizer as basal dose during land preparation.
  • Apply 2 bags of 50 kg (100 kg) Indorama Neem Coated Urea at 3 weeks of sowing and again 2 bags of 50 kg (100 kg) Indorama Neem Coated Urea should be incorporated at 5 weeks after sowing.
  • Indorama Fertilizer: Improving Agriculture, Improving Lives

How to Reduce Fertilizer Loss

  • Apply only the recommended dose of urea fertilizer.
  • Split application of urea fertilizer.
  • Use dribbling as method of urea fertilizer application.
  • Avoid broadcast method of fertilizer application to avoid wastage.
  • Apply urea fertilizer late in the evening or early in the morning.
  • Apply urea fertilizer after weeding to avoid competition from indigenous weeds.
  • Proper water management practices (avoid excessive irrigation).
  • Proper drainage will reduce urea fertilizer loss due to runoff.

Weed Control

  • Sesame grows slowly during the early stages and is not strongly competitive with weeds.
  • Poor weed control early in the life of the crop can result in greatly reduced crop yields.
  • Weed control is achieved via thorough land preparation, appropriate use of fertilizer and keeping the surroundings of farm weed-free.
  • Hoe weeding is done at least twice at 3 and 6 weeks after sowing.
  • Use of pre-emergence herbicide (Pendimethalin 750/ha) and post-emergence herbicide (Quizalofop-ethyl 40/ha). Alternatively clethodim or haloxyfop as post-emergence at 20 days after sowing.

Pest and Diseases Management

  • Pest and diseases are generally less in sesame fields.
  • Caterpillar and gall fly are the common pests of sesame.
  • Employ seed treatment to control seed-borne diseases.
  • Use of fungicide (Azoxystrobin) if notice of fungal infection.

Harvesting

  • Harvest Sesame when the leaves and stem change from green to yellow, if the leaves are still drop from plants.
  • Harvesting is delayed, shattering of the capsules will result in seed loss.
  • Harvested plants should be stacked in the field for a few days to dry before stripping the pods.
  • Drying should continue under the sun for 6–7 days until the moisture content is reduced.
  • Sesame seed is best stored unshelled and in cool conditions.

You can download the PDF guide

Sesame farming guide

Get our Sesame variety

How to Make More Money Farming Sesame

Sesame farming offers a lucrative opportunity for farmers looking to maximize profits with minimal input. Its adaptability, low resource requirements, and potential for dual cropping make it an excellent choice for boosting income. Here’s how you can make more money farming sesame by leveraging its unique advantages.

Why Choose Sesame Farming?

Sesame is a resilient crop that thrives in diverse conditions, requiring less input than many other crops. It can be grown on both tilled and untilled soil, making it suitable for various farm setups. Additionally, sesame’s ability to be planted late in the season and its compatibility as a secondary crop allow farmers to generate dual profits from the same land within a single season.

Cost-Saving Planting Techniques

To maximize profitability, opt for the broadcast method of planting. This approach is less labor-intensive and reduces costs compared to precision planting, as it requires minimal equipment and time. Simply scatter sesame seeds evenly across the field and lightly cover them with soil. While this method may slightly reduce uniformity, it significantly cuts labor and input costs, making it ideal for budget-conscious farmers.

Optimize Costs While Maximizing Yield

Sesame is naturally low-maintenance, but strategic practices can further enhance profitability:

  • Soil Preparation: Since sesame grows well on both tilled and untilled soil, assess your land’s condition. If the soil is already loose, skip tilling to save on fuel and labor costs.
  • Seed Selection: Choose high-yielding, disease-resistant sesame varieties Ex Sudan, Jigida This ensures better output without excessive investment in pesticides.
  • Water Management: Sesame is drought-tolerant, so avoid over-irrigation. Rely on natural rainfall when possible, supplementing with minimal irrigation during dry spells.
  • Fertilizer Use: Apply fertilizers sparingly, focusing on nutrient-rich compost or affordable organic alternatives to keep costs low while supporting healthy growth.

By prioritizing these cost-saving measures, you can achieve high yields without breaking the bank.

 

Double Your Profits with Dual Cropping

One of sesame’s biggest advantages is its potential as a secondary crop. After harvesting your primary crop in August (such as maize), plant sesame on the same land within the same season either by drill planting or broadcasting of seeds. This dual-cropping strategy maximizes land use, effectively doubling your income without additional land investment. Ensure the soil is still nutrient-rich or apply a light layer of fertilizer to support sesame growth after the primary crop. Sesame can be planted from 15 august to 14 September in north central of Nigeria.

NOTE:  If you are planning to cultivate sesame as a secondary crop to maximize your return, ensure you plant an early variety of the primary crop e.g Seedco 419 maize

Practical Tips for Success

  • Timing: Plant sesame immediately after harvesting your primary crop to take advantage of residual soil moisture and nutrients.
  • Weed Control: Use pre and post emergence herbicides early in the sesame growth cycle to prevent competition and ensure healthy plants.
  • Harvest Efficiently: Sesame pods mature at different times, so monitor your fields closely. Harvest when most pods turn brown to avoid seed loss while maximizing quality.
  • Market Research: Connect with local and regional buyers, such as food processors or exporters, to secure the best prices for your sesame seeds.

Conclusion

Sesame farming is a smart way to boost your income with minimal investment. By using cost-effective planting methods, leveraging its late-season planting potential, and growing it as a secondary crop, you can maximize yields and profits. With careful planning and efficient practices, sesame can transform your farm into a more profitable venture, all while requiring fewer resources than traditional crops. Start incorporating sesame into your farming strategy today and watch your earnings grow!

Why You Should Start Growing Sesame

Sesame, also known as benne, is a remarkable crop with deep roots in human history and global cuisine. The global sesame market is a fast-growing market worth around $10 billion, with a 7% annual growth rate. Farmers should consider cultivating sesame for several compelling reasons, based on its agricultural, economic, and environmental benefits:

High Market Demand and Profitability: Sesame is a high-value crop with strong global demand, particularly in food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Its seeds are used in products like tahini, oil, and baked goods, with export markets in Asia, Europe, and the Middle East offering lucrative opportunities.

Low Input Requirements: Sesame is relatively easy to cultivate, requiring minimal water, fertilizers, and pesticides compared to crops like maize or soybeans. It thrives in semi-arid conditions, making it suitable for regions with low rainfall or poor soil fertility.

Drought and Heat Tolerance: Sesame is highly resilient to drought and high temperatures, ideal for farmers in areas prone to climate variability. It can grow in temperatures between 20°C and 40°C and requires only 400–600 mm of rainfall annually. Recent studies have shown that sesame can maintain performance under water-limiting conditions that reduced cotton yields by 40% and can thrives at temperatures (+120F°) that will wilt other crops.

 

Short Growing Cycle: Sesame has a growing period of 90–120 days, allowing farmers to harvest quickly and potentially integrate it into crop rotations or double-cropping systems, maximizing land use and income.

Soil Health Benefits: Sesame has a deep root system that improves soil structure and reduces erosion. It also leaves minimal residue, making it easier to prepare fields for subsequent crops. Additionally, it can be grown in rotation with legumes or cereals to enhance soil fertility.

Smallholder-Friendly: Sesame is well-suited for small-scale farmers due to its low capital investment and adaptability to manual farming techniques. It can be grown on small plots, providing a viable income source for rural households

Climate-Smart Crop: With climate change impacting agriculture, sesame’s resilience to heat, drought, and pests makes it a sustainable choice for future-proofing farming operations.

By cultivating sesame, farmers can diversify income, improve resilience to environmental challenges, and tap into growing global markets, all while maintaining sustainable farming practices

Sesame Production in Nigeria

sesame aggregation

Nigeria is a significant player in the global sesame market, particularly as an exporter. In 2023, Nigeria being the second-largest exporter in Africa and the fourth-largest globally, with a value of $459.4 million, according to Tridge. The country’s exports are a key contributor to the non-oil sector, with a substantial portion going to Japan, China, and other Asian markets.

This growth is attributed to a 2% expansion in cultivated land, favorable weather conditions, and a 40% price surge, incentivizing smallholder farmers, who dominate over 90% of production. Nigeria’s sesame sector is export-oriented, with about 80–90% of output shipped to international markets, primarily China, Japan, and Turkey, generating significant foreign exchange (e.g., N89 billion in 2018)

Nigeria is a significant player in the global sesame market, being the second-largest exporter in Africa and the fourth-largest globally. Sesame is a crucial non-oil export for the country, contributing substantially to agricultural GDP and overall economic growth.

Here’s a breakdown of sesame production and market in Nigeria:

Sesame Production in Nigeria

  • Major Growing Regions: Sesame is widely grown as a cash crop in the savanna agro-ecological zones, particularly in the central and northern parts of the country. Key producing states include:
    • Jigawa
    • Niger
    • Nasarawa
    • Benue
    • Taraba
    • Kano
    • Gombe
    • Kogi
    • Plateau
    • Sokoto
    • Borno
    • Federal Capital Territory (FCT)
    • It can also be successfully grown in some parts of the South East and South South, such as Ebonyi and northern Cross River States.

 

  • Types of Sesame:
    • White (Food Grade) Sesame: Generally used in the bakery industry and grown around Keffi, Lafia/Makurdi, Doma, and in Nasarawa, Taraba, and Benue States.
    • Brown/Mixed (Oil Grade) Sesame: Primarily used for oil production and grown in the North, in Kano and Jigawa States (around Hadejia), and somewhat in the Southern part of Katsina State.
  • Production Statistics:
    • Nigeria produced 509,712 metric tons of sesame seeds in 2022, making it the fourth-largest producer globally (FAO).
    • There has been remarkable growth in sesame production since 1960 due to increasing domestic and international demand.
    • Approximately 90% of the sesame produced in Nigeria is exported.
  • Challenges in Production:
    • Low Yield per Hectare: Average output in Nigeria is around 275 kg per hectare, significantly lower than other major producers (e.g., Saudi Arabia at 1,083 kg/ha, Venezuela at 1,960 kg/ha, China at 1.4-1.6 tons/ha). This is attributed to:
      • Lack of adherence to best farm practices.
      • Knowledge gaps and poor crop management by smallholder farmers.
      • Poor processing procedures.
    • Inadequate Finance: Farmers often face limited access to credit and advanced farming tools.
    • Pests and Diseases: Prevalent pest and disease issues, sometimes exacerbated by a lack of proper knowledge and agro-chemicals.
    • Poor Agricultural Extension Services: Limited access to updated methods and information for farmers.
    • Theft: A significant concern for sesame farmers.
    • Inadequate Storage Facilities: Leads to post-harvest losses and limits Nigeria’s ability to capitalize on the crop’s long shelf life.
    • Quality Inconsistencies: Aggregating harvests from various smallholder farmers can lead to varying qualities, resulting in rejections in the export market.
    • Climate Change Impact: Affects agricultural productivity.

Sesame Market in Nigeria

  • Export-Driven Market: The Nigerian sesame market is primarily export-driven, with Europe, Asia, and the Middle East as key destinations.
  • Major Export Destinations: China, Japan, and Turkey are primary markets. Japan alone accounts for about 40% of Nigeria’s sesame exports.
  • Export Value:
    • Sesame seeds led Nigeria’s agricultural exports in Q1 2024, valued at ₦247.75 billion (US$161M), marking a 99% increase from Q4 2023.
    • Exports surged from ₦73.8 billion in 2014 to ₦1 trillion in 2024.
    • In 2023, Nigeria exported sesame seeds worth $463.827 million.
  • Market Trends:
    • Rising Global Demand: The global demand for sesame is expected to continue growing due to increasing preference for organic foods and its health benefits.
    • Price Volatility: Export prices have fluctuated, reflecting ongoing market instability.
    • Focus on Quality and Compliance: There’s a strong emphasis on enhancing export quality and reducing rejection rates, especially concerning pesticide residue levels and sanitary and phytosanitary standards, particularly for markets like Japan.
    • Value Addition: Stakeholders are pushing for processing sesame seeds into higher-value by-products like butter and oil to unlock more revenue and create jobs, as exporting raw seeds leaves significant potential revenue untapped.
    • Traceability: Becoming increasingly important, especially in demanding markets.
  • Market Challenges:
    • Quality Inconsistencies: As mentioned under production, this is a significant barrier to meeting international standards.
    • Limited Processing Plants: Only a few functional processing plants exist, hindering the production of high-quality seeds for export.
    • Inadequate Infrastructure: Affects transportation, storage, and overall logistics.
    • Trade Barriers: Stringent import regulations in major importing countries.
    • Fluctuating Global Prices: Impacts profitability for farmers and exporters.
    • Limited Access to Structured Markets: Many producers struggle to connect directly with international buyers.

The Nigerian government and various organizations are working to address these challenges through initiatives aimed at improving quality, providing training, streamlining regulatory processes, and enhancing infrastructure to strengthen Nigeria’s position in the global sesame market.

 

Sesame: The Resilient Seed Powering Global Cuisine and Trade

sesame seed

Sesame, also known as benne, is a remarkable crop with deep roots in human history and global cuisine. Native to sub-Saharan Africa and parts of India, this wild plant relative has been cultivated for over 5,000 years for its edible seeds, which grow in pods. Despite their small size, sesame seeds are a nutritional powerhouse, packed with flavor, oil, and versatility. As one of the oldest oilseed crops, sesame thrives in challenging conditions, making it a vital crop for farmers and a cornerstone of international trade. This blog post explores sesame’s agricultural significance, culinary applications, global production, trade dynamics, and the challenges and opportunities shaping its future.

The Resilient Nature of Sesame

Sesame (Sesamum indicum) is renowned for its ability to grow where other crops fail. Tolerant of drought, high heat, and even excessive rain, sesame is a robust crop that requires minimal farming support. It thrives in tropical and subtropical regions, often grown by subsistence farmers on marginal lands near deserts. The crop’s resilience makes it a sustainable choice in drought-prone areas, as it requires relatively low water compared to other crops.

Sesame adapts to various soil types, performing best on fertile, well-drained soils with neutral pH. However, it has low tolerance for high-salt or waterlogged conditions. Adequate moisture is critical during germination and early growth, while moisture levels before planting and flowering significantly impact yields. Despite its hardiness, drought or excess water can reduce yields, highlighting the need for balanced conditions to maximize productivity.

Culinary Versatility: A Global Flavor

Sesame seeds are small but mighty, boasting one of the highest oil contents of any seed—up to 50% in some varieties. They are rich in healthy fats, protein, fiber, calcium, magnesium, and antioxidants, making them a valuable addition to diets worldwide. Their nutty flavor and satisfying crunch have made them a global culinary favorite, available in white, black, hulled, or unhulled forms.

  • Asia: Sesame seeds are a common garnish on sushi and feature prominently in Japanese salads and baked snacks. Roasted tan and black sesame seeds are ground to create the flavorful gomashio. In China, ground black sesame and rice combine to make the delightful dessert and breakfast dish, zhimahu. Across India, sesame seeds are mixed with heated jaggery, sugar, or palm sugar to create energy-rich snacks like chikki.
  • Middle East: Sesame is a cornerstone of Middle Eastern cuisine. The seeds are ground into tahini, a fundamental ingredient in hummus and baba ghanoush, and are also the star of the sweet confection halva. Sesame seeds are also a key component of the aromatic Levantine spice blend za’atar.
  • Sesame Oil: While not all varieties are suitable for high-temperature frying, sesame oil is a valued cooking oil. The toasted form, with its distinct aroma and flavor, is often used as a finishing condiment.
Chikki

Global Sesame Production

In 2022, global sesame production reached approximately 6.7 million tonnes, cultivated across 11.7 million hectares, primarily in Africa and Asia. Sudan, India, and Myanmar account for 41% of production, with Nigeria, Tanzania, Ethiopia, and China also significant contributors. India leads in cultivated area (35% of the global total), but its productivity (370 kg/ha) trails behind China (1,223 kg/ha) and Nigeria (729 kg/ha). In Africa, Uganda and Benin are emerging producers, with Uganda producing 140,000 tonnes in 2018, ranking 11th globally.

Sesame is often grown by smallholder farmers on marginal lands, providing a critical source of income in resource-scarce regions. Global production has grown at an average annual rate of 7.4% from 2007 to 2016, driven by expanded cultivation and improved practices. However, yields remain low in many areas due to reliance on traditional methods and limited access to high-yielding, disease-resistant seeds.

Sesame in Global Trade

Valued at over $35 billion annually, the global sesame seed trade involved approximately 2.5 million tonnes in 2022. Major exporters include Sudan, India, Nigeria, Ethiopia, and Tanzania, while China (45% of global imports), Japan, Turkey, and South Korea are the largest importers. Japan, the world’s top importer, relies on sesame oil for cooking, while Europe, particularly Germany and Greece, sees growing demand for tahini and baked goods. Other key importers include the United States, Canada, the Netherlands, and France.

Trade dynamics are influenced by seed quality, including appearance, purity, and oil content. White and lighter-colored seeds are commonly exported to Europe, the Americas, West Asia, and the Indian subcontinent, while black and darker seeds dominate markets in China and Southeast Asia. Nigeria, for instance, reported sesame exports worth N253.69 billion in 2023, reflecting its growing role in the global market.

Challenges Facing the Sesame Industry

Despite its potential, the sesame sector faces several challenges:

  • Climate Change: Unpredictable weather patterns, such as droughts and floods, threaten production stability.
  • Pests and Diseases: Insects and diseases can cause significant yield losses, particularly in regions with limited access to pest management solutions.
  • Post-Harvest Losses: Sesame pods’ tendency to shatter and inadequate storage facilities lead to reduced marketable yields.
  • Limited Mechanization: Reliance on manual harvesting in many regions increases labor costs and limits scalability.
  • Food Safety Issues: Contamination risks, such as Salmonella or pesticide residues, can result in export rejections, as seen in a 2020 incident involving Indian sesame in Europe.

Opportunities for Growth

The sesame industry is poised for growth, with several opportunities on the horizon:

  • Increasing Demand: Rising awareness of sesame’s nutritional benefits and the popularity of global cuisines, such as Middle Eastern and Asian dishes, are driving demand.
  • Improved Varieties: Research into high-yielding, non-shattering, and disease-resistant sesame varieties can boost productivity and reduce losses.
  • Value Addition: Processing sesame into oil, tahini, halva, or cosmetics creates new revenue streams for farmers and exporters.
  • Sustainable Practices: Adopting sustainable farming methods, such as precision agriculture and organic certification, enhances productivity and market appeal.
  • Market Diversification: Expanding into emerging markets and promoting sesame-based functional foods and health products can further grow the industry.

Conclusion

Sesame is more than just a seed—it’s a resilient, versatile crop that sustains farmers, nourishes communities, and fuels a dynamic global market. From its ability to thrive in harsh conditions to its starring role in cuisines worldwide, sesame’s significance cannot be overstated. While challenges like climate change, pests, and limited mechanization persist, the industry’s future is bright, with opportunities for innovation, value addition, and sustainable growth. At Sesame Solutions, we are dedicated to empowering sesame farmers with the knowledge, tools, and market insights needed to succeed in this thriving sector. Join us in celebrating the tiny seed with a mighty impact!